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Countertop compact (0.5-0.9 cu ft): reheating, small dishes, popcorn. Mid-size (1.0-1.5 cu ft): full dinner plates, most casseroles. Large (1.6+ cu ft): full 9x13 dishes, large servings. Most kitchens need mid-size — too small frustrates, too big takes counter space.

Toshiba EM131A5C ($150) — Wirecutter pick at the price, 1.2 cu ft, 1100W. Panasonic NN-SN965S ($230) — inverter technology (defrosts evenly). Breville Smooth Wave ($300) — premium with sensor cook. Avoid sub-$80 microwaves — uneven heating + 1-2 year lifespan.

Inverter (Panasonic): smooth power delivery — defrosts evenly without partially cooking outside while inside is frozen. Conventional: pulses on/off at lower power — uneven defrosting. Inverter costs 30-50% more but worth it if you defrost meat/seafood regularly. Skip inverter if you only reheat leftovers.

Yes. Microwaves use non-ionizing radiation that excites water molecules — different from radioactive ionizing radiation. Federal regulations limit emissions to safe levels. Older microwaves (pre-1990) have higher emissions but still safe. Don't use damaged microwaves (broken seal). Pregnant women: microwaves are safe per CDC/FDA.

Metal (sparks + fire risk). Plastic not labeled microwave-safe (leaches chemicals). Aluminum foil (sparks). Whole eggs in shell (explode). Hot peppers (irritates eyes when opened). Grapes (cause plasma spark — internet hack but real). Take-out boxes (often have metal staples). When in doubt, transfer to glass or ceramic.

Over-the-range: saves counter space, includes built-in venting/lighting, requires installation, hard to repair. Countertop: portable, easier to replace, no installation. For most homes, countertop is more practical. Over-the-range only if you have specific kitchen layout requiring it (small kitchens, no counter space).